Tag Index

A 'plan of possibilities' is an alternative to the concept of a daily lesson plan
A closet is something you construct to claim the privilege of other identities at the expense of a marginalized identity.
A good warm-up activity before starting group discussion is to have students finish a leading sentence with their own thoughts
A language is a dialect with an army and a navy.
A project or agenda doesn't have to be named and outlined first; it can emerge
A resume could take up two pages instead of one, but it had better be worth the extra reading
A short quiz can function as an entrance ticket to a discussion class and encourage students to prepare the material beforehand
A slopegraph is similar to a line graph, but each category would have its own row
A square area graph visualizes data points as little squares in a larger square pattern, highlighted with different colors
A study of Pakistani university students reported a significant majority of students copying the work of other students
A thought on organizing a digital garden
A time-efficient strategy in obtaining qualitative feedback from students is to sample students slightly above and slightly below the average proficiency
Ableism and racism are inseparable.
Academic culture varies around the world.
Academic language is a product of white colonial norms and similarly tries to avoid racial emotions
Academic skills transfer when new languages are acquired.
Accepted practice can have racial biases.
Acquiring language through communication is superior to isolated drills
Acquiring new modes of communication comes naturally when the person has clear and internally motivated reasons for doing so
Acquisition of white languaging does not fit the pre-academic English preparation course sequence timeline
Active learning lessons can be designed with three steps.
All grading systems are political because of the inherent power dynamics
All of a person's linguistic ability is combined into a single linguistic repertoire
Allow students to help constructing norms for a respectful and productive learning environment
Althusser's interpellation or hailing is an unconscious process that turns something into a subject by calling attention to it and expecting a response
American society threw disabled people under the bus during COVID.
An anxiety graph can be used to reflect on the changes in anxiety level for a given situation over time.
An asset-based mindset views students as people to support rather than objects to measure.
An engagement trigger is something done in the beginning of a lecture that gets students thinking about and applying recently learned knowledge
Anonymous grading cannot prevent reference to the norm within the class which may introduce a bias towards a white racial habitus
Anonymous grading reduces implicit bias when grading student work
Anti-blackness is a distinct but related concept from white supremacy.
Anti-Cheating Education Software Braces for AI Chatbots
Anxiety can change students' study habits
Anxiety can result in careless errors during language production
Anxiety changes how students attempt to interact in the language
Anxiety changes how students perceive the language
Anxiety is a major obstacle to learning a foreign language
Anxiety makes easier tasks easier and harder tasks harder
Any complex system that has survived was built from simpler systems that have proven their value.
Apoliticality is a feature of the white habitus.
Applying visual design principles increases data comprehension.
Article for CTC
Asao Inoue argued for community-based assessment; a system of grading that combines teacher and peer student evaluations using rubrics
Asking students to write about themselves in the beginning of the semester can help you get to know them better
Assessment is political.
Audience perception follows a few basic rules.
Audiences made up of different types of people can trigger speech anxiety.
Avoid charts with multiple axes
Avoid commenting on students' discussion to allow them the space to express themselves
Avoid keeping notes on multiple platforms
Avoid overusing buzzwords on your resume especially without evidence of application.
Avoiding cognitive load helps the audience process the information.
Basic visual design principles facilitate understanding data charts
Being able to tell a story with data is a skill that needs to be learned and does not come naturally to those who work with data
Being unable to graduate college has a significant negative impact on students career prospects and job satisfaction
Being white is not the same as having a white racial habitus.
Benefits of modern technology often have a K-shaped distribution.
Bi-directional documents should focus on a centered or symmetrical alignment for text
Biases are never completely erased, but can be weakened over time with effort
Booker T. Washington
Both digital and hand-written notes can be effective with training
Both specific and general populations should be studied to be most effective.
Build community by offering to do what you want to do for others.
Building community within the classroom is essential to avoiding implicit bias and developing an asset-based mindset
Capitalist frameworks don't work in markets where the focus is on use-value and worth
Capitalist societies devalue labor power in favor of capital to gain an advantage over a population
Capture notes widely and use a discovery process to find notes on specific topics
Case studies give language students opportunities to discuss real situations.
Center for Worker Justice
Chartjunk is extra decoration on a chart that does not communicate information about the data
ChatGPT in Higher Education
Christina Ortmeier-Hooper
Circumstantial bilingualism is the idea that a person may be proficient in English for specific situations, but less capable in others
Civil attention is the appearance of paying attention and participating in discussion while the person is not actually listening
Classroom and homework activities can affect students' self-perception and self-efficacy
Co-constructing the rubric with students helps them provide better feedback to their peers
Color-blindness reinforces underlying white-centeredness.
Commonplace books were used to record all the interesting things the author read or thought
Communication apprehension also has negative effects in the workplace.
Community care is just as important as self-care
Community makes reading sacred
Community-based assessments are centered on the racialized habitus of the community.
Community-building is a form of activism.
Comparing what students do with what you were expected to do when you were in college is an unconscious dog whistle, or red flag, for enforcing habits of white languaging, and through it, white supremacy
Compassionate listening is a technique used to support someone processing a traumatic experience.
Complex visual inputs are normally processed in a zig-zag pattern, starting with the upper left, moving to the right, then down to the bottom left, and to the right
Consider providing group discussion questions to students before the discussion to help guide their focus when reading the material
Contract grading puts emphasis on the processes that lead to learning and acquisition rather than the products
Conventional assessment ecologies value habitus more than learning
Copyright theft is a universal approach to technical inequity between nations.
Correcting non-treatable errors are less effective in helping students avoid errors in the future
Correlations with socioeconomic status often mask the true cause of social problems.
Coursework is less helpful than projects when writing a resume
COVID-19 forced the world to experience life through a disability lens.
Creating a safe and effective learning environment is crucial for supporting class discussions
Creating a video that explains the rubric and shows examples can help students better understand how the rubric will be applied
Crip doulaing is the mentorship of someone established in disability culture towards a newly disabled person.
Criterion-reference assessments can easily become norm-referenced when the standard is not applied blindly
Critical discussion skills are a core part of any college education
Critical Language Awareness explores the intersections of language and power
Critical thinking and argumentative learning objectives are best assessed through peer-to-peer discussion
Criticisms of community-based assessment include failing to equalize power dynamics, as well as gender and racial biases
Cross-disciplinary approaches are linked with higher productivity and creativity.
Cultural differences in student-faculty interaction is a challenge for students unfamiliar with the academic culture.
Cultural differences in the way healthcare works is a challenge for healthcare students unfamiliar with the culture
Cultural integration is a stressful endeavor.
Culture creates emotions rather than individuals
Culture shock is disrupted social support.
Curriculum Vitae
Data presented with clear visualization and narrative communicates actionable insights more effectively
Data sources
Deaf gain is an asset-based approach to deafness.
Deficit-based approaches are inherently ableist.
DEI can be prioritized using the triage method.
DEI programs often miss opportunities to improve their organizations.
DEI workers may have blind spots for their own biases.
Descriptive phenomenology seeks to find common features of a sample of described experiences.
Design choices should be made deliberately
Developing a growth-mindset correlates with increases in GPA and success rates for disadvantaged students
Different modes of language acquisition facilitate skill development in different ways.
Different personality types handle different modes of learning differently.
Disability communities often need to develop their own preparedness strategies and mutual aid networks.
Disabled wisdom is the skills to survive challenging situations.
Discussion skills like articulating, defending, and providing evidence for an idea are what helps us learn
Dispassion is an ideal of white masculine habitus.
Distributed leadership increases employee's emotional investment in the organization
Dominant academic discourses are white habits of language
Don't be afraid of silence during group discussion, as often quieter students are waiting for their chance to speak
Education is never ideological neutral.
Effective communication centers around a single main idea.
Effective organizational change often comes from the ground up rather than imposed from the top down
Efforts at social change should be targeted more towards women and children.
Efforts to support one group of students can further marginalize others.
Emergent bilingual as a descriptor for students who speak another language and are learning English focuses on the assets they bring to the classroom
Emotion is contextual and non-essentialist
Emotionally charged issues have potential to bring people together or tear them apart.
Emotions are artifacts of a culture expressed by an individual in a context
Emotions emerge in the process of meaning-making and in interactions with other people
Empathy is not enough.
Empathy is prone to bias.
Employers routinely use subtle discriminatory language in job postings.
Enclosures are parts of the classroom ecology that categorize, sort, restrict, and define students
Engaging in reflection on multiple iterations of their work helps students understand the nuances of rhetorical choices and how they translate into writing
English-only policies in schools are very common and have negative consequences for students
ESL students are being ideologically trained to accept their position as low-wage workers
ESL students face additional challenges when listening to uninterrupted lecture
ESOL students fare better when they are prepared for for-credit college courses, especially in terms of the reading demands involved
Ethnic enclaves are associated with less access to mental health services
Even negotiated grading contracts can easily be functionally unilateral
Even students who speak only English often speak a variety of dialects of English besides the academic standard
Even well-intentioned attempts to support multilingual students are often deficit-based
Evidence against gender essentialism also comes in the fact that, across cultures, what it means to be of a specific gender is different
Evidence does not support the idea that communication apprehension can be reduced through skills training alone.
Evidence of the effect that anxiety has on language learning is mixed.
Executive positions are overwhelmingly held by white people.
Exemplar categorization is the process of comparing an instance of something with an easily identified example in memory.
Experiences that align with our habitus are more valued than others.
Explicitly calling attention to important points during a lecture can help cue students to take notes
Exploring data on technology usage can identify gaps in students access and knowledge of critical tools
Expository writing can increase your audience.
Faceting can make it difficult to compare the values of faceted groups
Faceting plots avoids the overplotting problem
Faculty can help students build networks of support outside of the classroom.
Faculty have the responsibility of understanding the culture of their students
Faculty need to advocate for inclusion of plurilingual perspectives into competency-based curriculum
Failing to acknowledge non-standard dialects is a form of implicit bias
Fear and anxiety are similar but distinct emotional states.
Fear of speaking is the most reported fear in the United States.
Feedback and discussion of plagiarism examples proved more effective at helping students avoid plagiarism than feedback alone, or feedback with additional examples
Feedback on content was found to be more effective than feedback on grammar and sentence structure
Feelings of community and belonging reduces acculturation stress in international and resident immigrant students.
Ferris suggests that different types of errors can be learned from differently
Finding a Ph D program
First-generation college students are half as likely to graduate on time compared to other students
For dominant talkers, thank them for their enthusiasm, and ask for someone else to speak
Forcing students with different language backgrounds into English language classes reinforces deficit thinking of multilingual students
Free recall test items promote retention better compared to multiple choice or recognition
ggparty is an R package to help arrange multiple plots together
Give students time to prepare their thoughts before launching into a group discussion
Giving students the freedom to use all of their language resources develops agency while building skills in multiple languages.
Good class discussions are planned but often seem spontaneous
Good class discussions put students in charge of the conversation.
Good communication should have multiple intermediate levels of detail
Good group discussion design has a few key steps.
Government funding has the potential to control non-profit organizations that depend on it.
Grades are a coercive mechanism that are often mistaken for intrinsic motivation
Grades are an indirect measure of learning
Grades move students through manufactured and hierarchical positions to give a sense of reward and investment
Grading contracts are a useful tool in reducing bias and adopting an asset-based mindset towards learners
Grading contracts can range from entirely unilateral agreements to fully negotiated between teacher and students
Grading is a practice that sets students up to adopt docile habits
Grammar acquisition is a gradual process and does not respond to traditional instruction methods.
Group discussions at the start of class set the tone for active learning and participation for the whole session
Group discussions ideally have four members
Guide students to the right conclusion instead of chiming in ourselves
Habitus can be hard to confront because it has been naturalized and made invisible
Habitus is a system of cultural values, mores, norms, and language shared by a group of people.
Harklau studied the transition of ESL students from high school to community college
Harriett Tubman
Have clear objectives of the kind of work you want to do in your resume
Having empathy for students is the real key to reducing bias
Headers, chart titles, and slide titles should be direct and to the point
Heavy borders on tables distract from the data
Help students build networks of support in the community
Higher education institutions use a policy of segregation and assimilation when it comes to language diversity
Hiring managers and recruiters should be able to quickly tell where they would want to place you from your resume
Holding students to high standards of attendance is based on a false idea of working environments
Horizontal bar charts are easier to read than vertical ones
How emotions are defined is different across cultures
Hue is a preattentive attribute used with qualitative information
Humility is a valuable trait.
Hybrid grading contracts still uphold a racialized cultural-linguistic standard because they grade based on the perception of language quality
Hybrid-grading contracts, as used by Danielewicz and Elbow, fail to avoid the bias and judgement of white racial habitus
Hybrid-grading contracts, as used by Danielewicz and Elbow, unintentionally reserve the highest grades for students who adopt a white racial habitus
Hybrid-grading contracts, as used by Danielewicz, and Elbow, refer to using two sets of criteria for students above and below a default grade
I'm searching for that line between teaching English as a language and teaching a white language habitus
Icebreaker Activities
Ida B. Wells-Barnett
Ideal class discussions have a supportive framework but flexible to respond to student input
Ideological neutrality in education only serves to support the current dominant ideologies.
Ideologies are constructed to support people's impulses.
If not careful in their approach, administrators can erode multilingual students confidence in the school system and promote deficit-thinking among faculty
If possible, show evidence of following through on projects on your resume
If you have multiple degrees or certifications on your resume, only show the most recent
Immigrant and refugees should be considered vulnerable populations as research subjects.
Immigrant communities in Johnson County face several challenges.
Immigrant labor is exploited by US companies.
Implicit bias is a preference that is not under our conscious control.
Imposter phenomenon is the feeling of being unfit or unwelcome in a specific situation.
In a labor-based ecology, writing can be measured by the number of words or pages produced and reading can be measured by the number of pages or words read
In a negotiated assessment ecology, male and white students are more likely to defend their work which therefore introduces a gender and racial bias in the grading system
In some cultures it is standard practice to use the words of educated and enlightened figures
Innovation and adaptation can become blocked by traditional leadership strategies
Inoue defines languaging as a gesture coming from our habits of mind
Inoue's labor-based grading contracts hold writing quality central to the course without affecting the final grade
Insistence on Academic English privileges those with experience with that dialect in the home
Instead of letting advanced students opt-out, consider working with them to set a more personalized contract
Instead of letting students opt-out, consider working with them to set a more personalized contract
Instructional design could benefit from knowledge management strategies
Insufficient language acquisition results in poor academic performance
Integration must be a priority for the academic success of all students
Intentional cohorts of immigrant students can support each other through the difficult road of higher education
Inter-rater reliability increases when the raters share habitus, but this also has consequences for students with different habitus.
Inter-rater reliability is always less than ideal because each rater has a different set of exemplars of the variables being assessed.
International students are less acquainted with Western academic culture
International students are less confident in their ability to accurately reference source material
International students often choose majors that they are not interested in
Inviting students to apply the rubric to an example, a peer's assignment, or their own, can help them better understand how the rubric will be applied by the instructor
Iowa Senate File 481 gives the state power to withhold funding from cities that go against state legislation.
Irreducible notes promote development of thought networks
It can be difficult to adequately label such a diverse group as linguistic minority students
It can be helpful to grade anonymously first and then provide individualized feedback with the student's identity in mind
It can be helpful to look at graded assignments again to make sure the same standard is being applied
It helps to provide links to your projects or organizations that you've worked for
It is a challenge to categorize linguistic minority students
It is dangerous to ignore the ideologies inherent in TESOL
It is estimated that over a third of the United States population will be first and second generation immigrants by 2065
It is important for faculty to understand the cultural backgrounds of their students and how it affects their academic life
It is important to have language to discuss and understand racism.
It is important to set expectations with students about the kinds of questions to ask during a group discussion
It is important to understand the secondary to post-secondary transition of linguistic minority students.
It is more valuable to create knowledge than to consume it
It takes a long time to achieve academic proficiency in a subsequent language.
It's a good idea to stop and ask students if you are speaking too fast or slow
It's common for students to start out a semester evaluating themselves highly and having a more realistic self-evaluation as the semester progresses
It's easy to convince oneself that taking notes is not necessary
It's important for dominant talkers to take away the understanding that listening is important; and not that we want them to stop talking
It's important that discussion rubrics assess a student's ability to connect ideas to course concepts
It's important to communicate our access needs.
It's important to consider students' attitudes towards independent styles of learning before implementing them in the classroom
Jigsaw activities give students the opportunity to construct knowledge on their own
Johnson County offers support to new immigrants.
Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management
Judgements of language quality in any grading contract give rise to Stoddardian dikes; a racialized grading apartheid.
Judgements of writing quality say more about the reader's bias than the quality of the writing
Just as there are plural Englishes that float around a nexus of core linguistic features, there are plural whitenesses
Kaiping Peng
Kanno and Harklau paved the way for new research on the success and challeneges of linguistic minority students
Kanno and Varghese call on higher education administrators to focus their policies on all barriers to linguistic minority student success rather than only linguistic challenges
Keep the number of elements in a graph to less than 4 to avoid cognitive overload
Kerry A. Enright
Knapp's assessment ecology is a hybrid grading system that uses judgements of writing quality to produce a grade, albeit minimal
Knowledge work that critically interprets information is not likely to be automated any time soon
Labor is connected to the physical body, whereas labor power is the combination of labor and time that a person can trade
Labor power inherent in a writing assignment grows as it goes through the writing process
Labor-based contract grading supports students as they take risks in their academic work
Labor-based grading practices link assessment with pedagogy making them one in the same
Lack of agency can be a stressful condition.
Language Anxiety
Language is a cultural artifact.
Language is learned through a racialized habitus and we make the mistake of assuming all students have adopted a white racial habitus
Language learning anxiety is a distinct form of anxiety.
Language learning destabilizes one's worldview and sense of self
Language repertoires are not collections of discrete language competencies, but they are combined into a single plurilingual repertoire
Languages can differ widely on how they categorize things and events.
Languages other than English should be viewed as assets rather than deficits.
Learned helplessness is the idea that a person can withdraw from social activities when they feel unable to predict whether their action will result in positive or negative reactions.
Learned helplessness may explain some cases of communication apprehension.
Learning and acquisition are distinct neurological processes.
Learning anxieties act as a vocational filter for the people most likely affected by them.
Learning contracts are different from grading contracts in that they focus on achieving specific learning outcomes
Learning contracts can have agentive and metacognitive benefits, but still leave grading instructor-controlled
Learning contracts have been focusing on process and metacognition for awhile, but Inoue takes it further to tie grading into it as well
Learning to visualize and narrate the data can also help you focus on the problem at hand rather than getting overwhelmed with the details
Length is a preattentive attribute used with quantitative information
Less than a quarter of linguistic minority students transition from high school to a 4-year college.
Linguistic DEI in Higher Education
Linguistic diversity is present in the classroom whether it is an ESL course or a course full of native English speakers
Linguistic imperialism is a form of ableism.
Linguistic minority students and academic dishonesty
Linguistic minority students are disadvantaged compared to linguistic majority students due to their fluency with an effective form of cultural capital
Linguistic minority students are often not as visible as other minority groups such as large ethnic minorities and international students
Linguistic minority students can be challenged by higher rates of poverty
Linguistic minority students can feel isolated within the institution
Linguistic minority students do not have the same representation in higher education as other groups
Linguistic minority students face a unique set of challenges.
Linguistic minority students in higher education
Linguistic minority students must be supported by all areas of the institution rather than be delegated to a minor department of language specialists
Linguistic minority students' education backgrounds vary widely even if they attended local high schools
Links, tags, and folders have different uses
Literacy is white property and grading is used to exclude non-white bodies from its use
Literature note filenames are BibTex keys
Living in the United States is the first time many international students have used English outside of a foreign language classroom
Low-income students are less successful in college than other students
Lulu Merle Johnson
Mainstream discourse on disability is deficit-based.
Make data geometries semi-transparent to lessen the overplotting problem
Mandel's was an early iteration of labor-based grading contracts that emphasized having faith in students willingness to improve in an encouraging setting
Many charities fail due to a deep ableist perspective of care.
Many DEI initiatives in higher education fail to be inclusive when it comes to academic policies and grading, reducing those initiatives merely to diversity theatre
Many diversity lottery recipients experience challenges finding relevant jobs.
Many diversity lottery recipients have high levels of debt
Many diversity lottery recipients plan to return to their home country.
Many non-white disabled people are excluded from disabled communities due to racism.
Many people do not feel comfortable identifying as disabled.
Many rhetorical prohibitions in the standard academic English curriculum are effective rhetorical tools
Many students have their own beliefs about language purity and may be resistant to invitations to use multiple languages in an activity
Many students with diverse cultural backgrounds have strongly held cultural attitudes towards education and learning that may be difficult to change
Many support programs actually only serve to promote the problem.
Maps of content
Marcus Garvey
Marginalized people are rarely seen as experts.
Marginalized students often have more responsibilities to their families and communities than others.
Marginalized students often have vague goals or unclear strategies for meeting their career and education goals.
Mary McLeod Bethune
McGarrell promotes a classroom ecology that avoids instructor evaluation in the form of grades, but does not preclude extensive feedback
McTigue identified three aspects of any spiritual practice; intention, attention, and repetition
Measures of diversity, equity, and inclusion in post-secondary institutions
Mentors are documented as vital support for immigrant students as they move through higher education
Method for documenting sortable academic sessions
Microaggressions are hostilities related to another person's minority status.
Microaggressions are often unintended, but the impact of them is what is important to consider.
Misogynoir is the intersectional oppression of Black women.
Mistakes can be opportunities.
Models help us understand things.
More parts of the brain are activated when using information in productive language and sensemaking.
Most college students drop out in their first year
Motion is a preattentive attribute used to communicate quantitative information
Motion is an attribute that can be interpreted differently depending on the culture
Multicultural and plurilingual experiences can be used to teach students about critical analysis and logical fallacies
Multilingual students are often tested with academic language before they are ready
Multilingual students often act as translators and peer mentors for students with less proficiency in English
My emotions often express themselves through my body
Narrative structure commonly has three parts, or acts
Native language forms a part of one's overall identity.
Nearly half of American college students report committing at least minor acts of plagiarism
New university students, not just international students, lack awareness of how plagiarism is defined
Nguzo Saba
Nikole Hannah-Jones
Non-linguistic interference to education is not addressed in federal policies.
Non-native English speakers in higher education are not a homogeneous group.
Non-native English speaking students are more likely to violate academic integrity policies
Non-treatable errors are called this because they are difficult to explain and require tacit knowlege of the language
Not all ESL students are the same; we cannot conflate first-generation immigrant and refugee students with second- or third- generation students or international students without proper research
Not all linguistic minority students are the same.
Note-taking in class correlates with higher grades
Note-taking strategy
Novice learners prefer less complicated tasks.
Of all of the linguistic skills, writing has the biggest impact on students' acceptance into mainstream college courses
On the history of ethnic conflict in the United States
One can be proficient in a language for some situations but not others
One needs to be more thoughtful about what notes we take when there is more friction to storing it in our system
One of my initial mistakes in Obsidian was creating pages for sources that I have not read but want to read
One of the reasons citations and attribution are valued in higher education is that scientific progress depends on it
One strategy to design clean visuals is to take everything away and only add back what is necessary
One technique is to give each group a random topic on a piece of paper; each group has a different one which gives them something useful to share out with the rest of the class
One-on-one meetings with students can help build an atmosphere of trust and transparency
One's linguistic repertoire includes all languages that they have acquired, regardless of the level of proficiency
Oral traditions are a core part of African culture.
Organization
Organizations of Interest
Organizations should have clear policies to describe what employees cannot post on social media.
Organizing by actionability is incredibly useful
Ortmeier and Ruecker call on writing researchers to be prepared to respond to discussions that involve linguistic minority students
Our main job as a teacher is to be a curator
Our surroundings play a powerful role in our thinking; known as the Cathedral Effect
Overplotting is a situation where there are too much data represented which causes elements to overlap and become unreadable
Part of group discussion assessment can be done by students themselves
Peer behavior was found to be a major predictor of student cheating
Peer review activity requires careful training in order to be useful to students
Peers do not factor highly in the career aspirations of adolescents
People acquire language better when their affective filters are not interfering.
People experience grief when diagnosed with a chronic illness.
People in rural areas and small towns are more likely to believe that immigrants increase crime rates and take jobs from locals
People often spend more time on trivial decisions to avoid overwhelming ones.
People tend to respond with self-preservation when they feel isolated
People who have had formal education in their first language learn a second language faster than those without.
People who have the most access to privilege benefit the most from monolingual ideologies
People who need community the most are often uncharismatic.
Performative readings of short texts can be a low-anxiety warm-up for oral language classes
Personal knowledge management has a long history
Personality models are centered on whiteness.
Pie charts are useless
Pierre Bourdieu
Placing importance on time management is a product of white habits of mind
Plan of possibilities helps us avoid the mentality of simply covering content and allow us to design in a student-centered way
Plan to age and it will not catch you by surprise.
Plot data that is summarized by useful metrics to avoid the overplotting problem
Plurilingual pedagogy goes beyond following writing rules and focuses on acts of communication that involves a student's entire linguistic repertoire
Plurilingualism accepts that everyone uses a variety of language or dialectal resources for different purposes
Plurilingualism also presupposes an openness to cultural diversity
Plurilingualism is a strategy where speakers of multiple languages use those languages to communicate and learn
Plurilingualism research challenges the insistence on an academic standard English
Plurilinguals have tremendous flexibility in their language usage which allows them to mediate effectively across diverse audiences
Pod mapping is a technique to map out your personal mutual aid network.
Poor language proficiency is a factor in plagiarism due to the inability to internalize information
Population of linguistic minority students in K-12 is also growing fast in Canada
Position is a preattentive attribute used with both quantitative and qualitative information
Position is an attribute that can be interpreted differently depending on the culture.
Potatoes are the real Gold of El Dorado.
Preattentive attributes are an easily noticeable difference in appearance useful for both quantitative and qualitative data
Presentations are not the only way to assess verbal communication learning objectives; discussions can also do this
Presenting cultural artifacts supports students in discussing abstract concepts.
Previous language and cultural experience shapes how new languages and cultures are learned
Prior educational experiences vary even more widely for linguistic minority students that moved to the United States as adults
Prison Commisary Prices
Probability Theory
Problematization is a process of critically analyzing a concept so as to get past conventional meaning and create a deeper understanding of its true nature
Professional culture centers whiteness.
Proficiency in multiple languages can be shown as an additional designation on students' diplomas
Projects should require student knowledge to promote agency.
Proper referencing and citation is a complex language skill that is often not thoughtfully introduced in the classroom
Provide evidence of the quality of your work in a resume
Providing skeletal notes is one method of helping students take notes in class
Public and nonprofit work became popular in the Black community after Executive Order 8802.
Publishing often has many benefits.
Punctuality is another white habit of mind often imposed on students (of color) in ESL classrooms
Putting students into small discussion groups can help avoid the consolidation of responsibility and increase student to student interaction
Putting value on students' linguistic expertise in their own language can be useful in teaching them how to do similar things in English
Race is a social construct.
Racial gaslighting is the act of attempting to convince a victim of microaggressions that the behavior was not racially motivated.
Racism is a social system that divides people.
Racism limits social progress.
Rational emotive therapy is practice of using logical thinking to combat negative self-talk.
Reading List
Reading silently was not a common skill until the 5th century
Reading the first and last words of a sentence can give you the general sense of the text
Reading was a communal activity and recitation of common ideas was the norm
Recency bias is the preference for ideas that we thought of more recently
Reflective journaling exercises have a number of benefits for learning.
Refugee and Immigrant Association
Refugees are involuntary migrants that are persecuted for social and political reasons.
Regardless of policy on segregation, it continues to cause harm.
Religion is institutionalized spirituality, and not spirituality itself
Representation is important.
Requiring students to edit their own work before beginning peer review activities reduces the workload of peer reviewers
Research is prone to racial biases.
Research on developmental sequences of grammar
Researchers argue that a centralized ESOL program is more effective than several uncoordinated programs
Researchers argue that the labor of identity building should be rewarded in terms of academic credit
Researchers have found that students often compose across modalities without realizing it
Resilient communities have tolerance for mistakes and repair.
Resources for New Iowans in Johnson County
Roberts' Rules of Order
Rubrics reduce students' uncertainty in grading
Rural teachers are more likely to believe that ELL students should be responsible for adapting to American culture and lifestyles
Sankey plots are a good way to visualize outcomes disaggregated by multiple factors
Sarah Breedlove
Saturation, chroma, or the intensity of color is a preattentive attribute used with quantitative information
Scaffolding is a technique where we break down a complex skill into smaller parts to help students reach the more complex goal
School assessments tend to be designed to measure learning of the dominant majority
Schools reproduce the culture of the dominant class
Schools with recent demographic shifts often lack the diversity in faculty to support multilingual students
Second Language Acquisition
Self-assessments can also ask students to nominate another student who did good work
Self-assessments can ask students for specific examples of their evaluation
Set Theory
Sets are identified only by their members
Several features of academic culture in the US are believed to come from a dominant WASP culture
Several studies have concluded that grammar correction does not lead to grammar acquisition
Shape is a preattentive attribute used with qualitative information
Sharing your resources with the organization as a whole and not just your supervisor is a step towards distributed leadership
Shor argues that there is no real contract if it is entirely unilateral
Significant social change is achieved through consistent activism.
Small liberal arts colleges tend to hire support specialists rather than have specific courses for ESL students
Social and economic capital can provide advantages to students in higher education.
Social network theory supposes that the foundation of social life is the relationships between people and the patterns thereof
Social rejection is the opposite of social support.
Social support is a powerful tool for coping with stress.
Social support research considers the ways relationships with others affects us for better or worse.
Social support should not be used in lieu of efforts to reduce environmental stress.
Social work began as a response to challenges brought on by industrialization and globalization.
Social work has the potential to be used to spy on and control unrest in minoritized communities.
Socioacademic Relationships
Sojourner Truth
Some activities in the language learning classroom produce more anxiety than others
Some cultures take the view that quoting an author implies doubt or disrespect
Some foreign accents are often equated with low intelligence.
Some instructors require consistent participation and preparation to earn an A in the class
Some properties can be interpreted differently for different cultures
Some students may resist contract grading due to its unfamiliarity
Some studies suggest that the benefits of living in ethnic enclaves offset the disadvantages of associated low socio-economic status
Spiritual practices strengthen our connection to our higher self
Splitting data visualizations into separate plots along a categorical variable is called faceting
Standards in grading can change over the course of grading assignments, and students who were graded first can have a more or less strict standard than students graded towards the end
Stanford University School of Education
Start with easier group discussion questions and increase the difficulty
Statement of Purpose
Statistics
Stereotype threat is an internalized bias where the person believes a stereotype about their identity to be true
Stereotype threat reduces the efficacy of students because they believe the stereotype to be true even when it is not
Student evaluations are poor measures of teaching effectiveness.
Student success depends on a sense of belonging.
Student-to-student Interaction in Second Language Classrooms
Students can be distracted by too many error corrections.
Students can be unable to use error corrections for features which they are not ready to acquire.
Students can benefit from taking the time to map out their socioacademic support networks and being coached on how to ask those resources for help.
Students can earn points for participation and preparation to encourage engagement in group discussions
Students can explain their language choices more easily when allowed to do so in their preferred language
Students can pursue language learning projects related to their personal and professional needs
Students come to the classroom with a range of communicative and technological abilities and educational experiences
Students may have different goals and it's important to consider those goals when deciding how they will be evaluated
Students often do not value inclusivity in assignments because the labor involved is not rewarded
Students should explore the diversity of dialects around them
Students who are permitted to use their other languages are able to write longer and higher quality papers in English.
Students who do not have access to a white racial habitus will not easily understand its rules
Students who have or are adjacent to privilege may not notice the struggle of adopting a white language habitus that other students do
Students who report having English as a second language can still be more fluent in English than any other language
Students who were not raised in white habitus households struggle to adopt habits of white language in college
Students with diverse cultural backgrounds often do not feel that copying or cheating is a problem
Studies in the error correction debate
Studies show some students benefit from contract grading in terms of motivation and learning, but results were mixed
Studies show that English language learners place a low value on peer feedback
Success in conventional classrooms is synonymous with adopting a white racial habitus
Survey students about their technology usage and consider developing lessons and support around that knowledge
Tables can be easily formatted as heat maps to use color saturation to guide the eye
Teach students the signposting vocabulary we use to introduce important information
Teach students to use blanks in their notes when they do not understand something
Teacher-centered activities have more disadvantages than benefits.
Teachers can connect language and identity work in the classroom to future benefits through job applications, scholarships, and other opportunities
Teachers can do a lot of damage if implicit biases are unchecked.
Teachers have an effect on student anxiety.
Teachers should break down technological terms so that all students can understand them
Teaching
Techniques such as anonymous grading, grading contracts, clarifications, and an asset-based mindset can help reduce bias
Temple University
Terms such as English language learners (ELLs) and limited English proficient (LEP) are commonly used in K-12 education but focus primarily on the deficits of students
The acquisition of an additional language challenges our sense of self.
The additional cost of debt and family support among African Americans is known as the Black tax.
The anxiety surrounding immigration issues can put unusual pressures on immigrant students.
The brain uses one fifth of the body's energy, and most of that just to power thinking
The burden of proof is on the one making the claim rather than the skeptic
The concept of affective and cognitive variables is messy and ill-defined.
The concept of always-already, or immer schon refers to an action or state that has continued without any known beginning
The concept of writing across the curriculum has been a topic since at least the 1970s
The Conference on College Composition and Communication opposes standard academic English as the norm in higher education
The consolidation of responsibility is the phenomenon where a small number of students make up the majority of class discussion
The curb-cut effect is the way that changes made to benefit marginalized people also benefits everyone else.
The Dead Prefer Silver
The Diversity Visa Lottery program drains vulnerable countries of quality human resources.
The dominant narrative of multilingual students is deficit-based.
The emotions we favor are determined by what we believe are most functional in our context
The evolution of design in library architecture is a reflection of our relationship with reading
The experience of reading is similar to our experience of space
The FBI surveils people it considers to be dangerous to established power.
The fewer grading categories or measurement points tends to be make for a more reliable measurement which increases inter-rater reliability
The first step to managing implicit biases is to reflect on them and to get feedback from other people
The gestalt principle of connection describes how elements that are connected to another element communicates a relationship to that element
The gestalt principle of enclosure describes how elements that are enclosed in a box or designated area communicate a relationship
The gestalt principle of proximity describes how elements that are physically close together communicates a relationship
The gestalt principle of similarity describes how elements that have the same color or shape communicate a relationship
The gestalt principles of visual perception are basic design principles that describe how audiences read visual information like charts
The global area of writing is related to the higher-order features of content and organization
The habit of white-centering can be framed as an addiction.
The habits developed in the first class session sets the tone for the rest of the semester
The home ought to be a workshop that uses the family's labor power to produce goods for a market
The idea of writing across the curriculum spread the responsibility of writing instruction across all departments, instead of just the English department
The increasing numbers of immigrants is not limited to major metropolitan areas, but is also increasing in smaller towns and rural areas as well
The issue of licensure has been a serious conflict in social work organizations.
The literacy ecology framework supposes that literacy is acquired when people use language to handle problems in their daily lives
The local area of writing feedback is related to sentence-level grammar, spelling, and mechanics
The London Underground Tube map is a good example of many design principles
The majority of the population has some sort of disability.
The mean of combined samples can obscure significant variations within the data.
The more visual detail presented on the screen, the more likely your audience will experience cognitive overload and tune out
The pace for cultural integration is individual
The PARA system divides notes into four categories based on actionability.
The pooling of data points around specific numbers might suggest data integrity issues
The population of linguistic minority students is growing quickly
The relational model of competence assumes that judgements of competence are subjective.
The Second Brain system combines several personal knowledge management techniques along with those developed by its creator, Tiago Forte
The specific goals of cultural integration are individual
The Tacoma Method was an episode of anti-Chinese ethnic cleansing that occured in Tacoma, Washington in 1885
The term bilingual or multilingual became common as a way to center the assets that linguistic minority students bring to the classroom
The term linguistic minority is used in higher education and applied linguistic contexts to describe students who speak a language other than English at home in English-dominant societies
The term third-world is rooted in a white perspective of geography.
The United States has a legacy of disenfranchisement of non-white residents.
The US Federal government reserves the exclusive right to manage immigration.
The use of a "free space" can be used to allow students to avoid being called on during hard days.
The white savior complex is a belief that white people are responsible for saving other races.
There are costs for students in volunteering multilingual information or labor
There are differences in cultural attitudes towards intellectual property and authorship
There are five categories of student support people
There are flaws in the US racial classification system that limits its accuracy.
There are four areas of competency when it comes to group discussions; understanding the content, articulating ideas, synthesizing content, and connecting the content to other content or their lives
There are many names for traditions of mindful reading across cultures
There are often conflicts between assimilationist and activist members of a marginalized community.
There are several reasons to strive for diversity, equity, and inclusion in organizations.
There are some concerns that students who are habitually motivated by grades do not do well in labor-based grading systems including hybrid grading contracts
There are three steps in working with student writing; noticing, awareness of options, and action
There are three types of interaction in the classroom between resources, learners, and the instructor
There are tools being developed to detect AI-generated text
There are two categories of plagiarism; intentional and unintentional
There can be a strong cultural preference for students engaging in counter-productive collaborative work
There is a racial educational achievement gap in the United States.
There is a tendency to acknowledge a limited number of voices from a minoritized community.
There is a trend for immigrants to move to smaller cities with more affordable housing and tax policies
There is a writing activity that asks students to explain and reflect on a meaningful word or phrase in their first language
There is some evidence that labor-based grading systems help vulnerable students learn better
There is some research to support that groups of learners can acquire language in different sequences
There should be different approaches to placing ESOL students because different groups of students will acquire language differently; it's not one-size-fits-all language support
Think-pair-share activities give students an opportunity to hear more diverse perspectives than just the instructor
Time spent planning class discussion questions improves the quality of in-class discussions
Todd Ruecker
Tone policing is the act of trying to change the emotionality of a person's message.
Trans rights and affordable housing are connected issues.
Translingual pedagogy focuses on resistance to linguistic standardization in academia
Translingualism and plurilingualism are two similar but distinct pedagogies.
Translingualism approaches language as something flexible and primarily as a tool for constructing meaning using a variety of linguistic resources
Transparency is a teaching intervention that educates students on how learning happens
Treatable errors are rule-governed and thus easier to explain
Triage levels
Truscott claims that error correction has a negative effect on students' attitudes
Twelve Favorite Problems
Types of plagiarism include mosaic plagiarism, patch writing, and mechanical plagiarism
UC Davis, School of Education
UIMSW Statement of Purpose
Understanding how bureaucratic systems work is a valuable skill.
Unfair placement testing for language-minority college students
University of Toronto Ontario Institute for Studies in Education
Use a phone's speech to text features on Obsidian Mobile to capture stream of consciousness thoughts
Use a variety of teaching techniques to accommodate diverse cultural backgrounds
Use Obsidian and Dataview to track the status of multiple articles
Use Obsidian to explore memories and personal narrative
Use tags instead of backlinks to organize notes into task lists
Using longer-term projects rather than individual activities in a class has a number of benefits
Visual displays of organization are superior to both folders and tags
W.E.B. DuBois
Watching videos with subtitles can have a number of useful benefits.
Watson uses community building activities to begin to remove deficit-thinking and implicit bias within the classroom
We can decenter whiteness by centering the most vulnerable populations.
We need a coalition of intellectuals and laborers united against oppression.
We pay for information with attention
What; So what; Now what; is a summary and review technique used at the end of lectures
When giving feedback, thank students for specific contributions, and ask for more effort in specific areas
When students are silent, waiting five seconds is a good rule of thumb; often quieter students will speak up
When teaching keyboarding skills, use inclusive images and reference to other keyboard layouts besides English
Whether a student can articulate a grammar rule is independent of whether they can identify an error
White and Asian students are twice as likely to graduate than other racial and ethnic groups
White supremacy and white-centering are similar but distinct concepts.
White-adjacent refers to a non-white person who aligns themselves with whiteness.
Whiteness absorbs and destroys culture
Whiteness is a code that is associated with cleanliness, neatness, and purity
Whiteness is a ponzi scheme.
Whiteness is property.
Whiteness was created to divide the working class.
Women and non-binary folks are disproportionately expected to take on emotional labor.
Workers in a capitalist system lose at both ends of the market equation
Working on many problems at once distributes the power of an organization.
Working-class students have a better experience in learning when it is framed as work or labor
Writing assessment does not use real examples as a reference, but uses what Inoue calls exemplar-inspired dimensions
Writing down notes while lecturing helps slow your pace to match what students can keep up with
Writing improves thinking.
Writing, like all arts, must first be learned from imitating appropriate models
Yasuko Kanno
Your resume does not necessarily need to be technical because a recruiter might not be familiar with the jargon
Your resume should show exposure to different types of projects and the diversity of your interests
Your resume should tell a focused story

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